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This specification covers austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts. The grades of steels covered here are: Grade 1B, Grade 2A, Grade 3A, Grade 4A, Grade 5A, and Grade 6A. The steel castings shall be heat-treated up to required temperature and shall undergo water quenching or rapid cooling by other means after heating. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, and nitrogen. All steels shall undergo tension test, and shall conform to the following mechanical requirements: tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation.1.1 This specification covers austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts.1.2 The duplex stainless steels offer a combination of enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when properly balanced in composition and properly heat treated. Ferrite levels are not specified, but these grades will develop a range of approximately 30 to 60 % ferrite with the balance austenite. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to determine which grade shall be furnished depending on design and service conditions, mechanical properties, and corrosion-resistant characteristics.NOTE 1: Because of the possibility of precipitation of embrittling phases, the grades included in this specification are not recommended for service at temperatures above 600 °F [315 °C].1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B381-21 Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Forgings Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This specification covers 39 grades of annealed titanium and titanium alloy forgings as Grade F-1, Grade F-2, Grade F-2H, Grade F-3, Grade F-4, Grade F-5, Grade F-6, Grade F-7, Grade F-7H, Grade F-9, Grade F-11, Grade F-12, Grade F-13, Grade F-14, Grade F-15, Grade F-16, Grade F-16H, Grade F-17, Grade F-18, Grade F-19 Grade F-20, Grade F-21, Grade F-23, Grade F-24, Grade F-25, Grade F-26, Grade F-26H, Grade F-27, Grade F-28, Grade F-29, Grade F-30, Grade F-31, Grade F-32, Grade F-33, Grade F-34, Grade F-35, Grade F-36, Grade F-37, and Grade F-38. The grades of titanium and titanium alloy metal covered by this specification shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed. Forgings supplied under this specification shall conform to the requirements as to mechanical properties specified, as applicable, such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Nondestructive test requirements such as ultrasonic test, X-ray, or surface inspection shall be specified by the purchaser, if required.1.1 This specification2 covers 39 grades of annealed titanium and titanium alloy forgings as follows:1.1.1 Grade F-1—UNS R50250. Unalloyed titanium,1.1.2 Grade F-2—UNS R50400. Unalloyed titanium,1.1.2.1 Grade F-2H—UNS R50400. Unalloyed titanium (Grade 2 with 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum UTS),1.1.3 Grade F-3—UNS R50550. Unalloyed titanium,1.1.4 Grade F-4—UNS R50700. Unalloyed titanium,1.1.5 Grade F-5—UNS R56400. Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium),1.1.6 Grade F-6—UNS R54520. Titanium alloy (5 % aluminum, 2.5 % tin),1.1.7 Grade F-7—UNS R52400. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium,1.1.7.1 Grade F-7H—UNS R52400. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium (Grade 7 with 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum UTS),1.1.8 Grade F-9—UNS R56320. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium),1.1.9 Grade F-11—UNS R52250. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium,1.1.10 Grade F-12—UNS R53400. Titanium alloy (0.3 % molybdenum, 0.8 % nickel),1.1.11 Grade F-13—UNS R53413. Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),1.1.12 Grade F-14—UNS R53414. Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),1.1.13 Grade F-15—UNS R53415. Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),1.1.14 Grade F-16—UNS R52402. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.14.1 Grade F-16H—UNS R52402. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium (Grade 16 with 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum UTS),1.1.15 Grade F-17—UNS R52252. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.16 Grade F-18—UNS R56322. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.04 % to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.17 Grade F-19—UNS R58640. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 8 % vanadium, 6 % chromium, 4 % zirconium, 4 % molybdenum),1.1.18 Grade F-20—UNS R58645. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 8 % vanadium, 6 % chromium, 4 % zirconium, 4 % molybdenum) plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.19 Grade F-21—UNS R58210. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.7 % niobium, 15 % molybdenum, 0.25 % silicon),1.1.20 Grade F-23—UNS R56407. Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium, extra low interstitials, ELI),1.1.21 Grade F-24—UNS R56405. Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium) plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.22 Grade F-25—UNS R56403. Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium) plus 0.3 to 0.8 % nickel and 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,1.1.23 Grade F-26—UNS R52404. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium,1.1.23.1 Grade F-26H—UNS R52404. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium (Grade 26 with 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum UTS),1.1.24 Grade F-27—UNS R52254. Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium,1.1.25 Grade F-28—UNS R56323. Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium),1.1.26 Grade F-29—UNS R56404. Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium, extra low interstitial, ELI plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium),1.1.27 Grade F-30—UNS R53530. Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium),1.1.28 Grade F-31—UNS R53532. Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium),1.1.29 Grade F-32—UNS R55111. Titanium alloy (5 % aluminum, 1 % vanadium, 1 % tin, 1 % zirconium, 0.8 % molybdenum),1.1.30 Grade F-33—UNS R53442. Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium),1.1.31 Grade F-34—UNS R53445. Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium),1.1.32 Grade F-35—UNS R56340. Titanium alloy (4.5 % aluminum, 2 % molybdenum, 1.6 % vanadium, 0.5 % iron, 0.3 % silicon),1.1.33 Grade F-36—UNS R58450. Titanium alloy (45 % niobium),1.1.34 Grade F-37—UNS R52815. Titanium alloy (1.5 % aluminum), and1.1.35 Grade F-38—UNS R54250. Titanium alloy (4 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium, 1.5 % iron).NOTE 1: H grade material is identical to the corresponding numeric grade (that is, Grade 2H = Grade 2) except for the higher guaranteed minimum UTS, and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade. Grades 2H, 7H, 16H, and 26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the establishment of requirements for lined journal bearings for use on locomotive tenders, passenger cars, and freight equipment cars. Before lining, the brass backs shall be bored and thoroughly tinned in accordance with the best standard practice. After lining, the ends of the bearings shall be made smooth by scraping, filing, or machining. The backing metal shall conform to the requirements specified for named elements for copper alloy UNS No. C94100. The lining metal shall conform to the chemical composition requirements specified for named elements. The finished bearing representing a lot for acceptance shall be broken, either longitudinally or transversely, or both, in order to ascertain the uniformity of the grain of the metal. The chemical analysis of the lining shall be made accordingly.1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements for lined journal bearings for use on locomotive tenders, passenger cars, and freight equipment cars. The alloy specified is UNS No. C94100.21.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers the requirements for the heat treatment of aluminum alloy castings from any casting process such as investment casting, permanent mould casting, sand casting, and others. It excludes castings that are used in specific aerospace applications or those made from wrought aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloys should be subjected to controlled heat treatment using the usual air chamber furnace or other heating media like lead baths, oil baths, fluidized beds, or even superheated steam. Air chambers may be oil or gas fired or may also be electrically heated but the atmosphere inside each should be controlled to prevent porosity. Quenching is normally performed by immersing castings in a hot-water bath. It is important that the furnace be calibrated before it is used initially and after any change in the furnace. Likewise, temperature-measurement systems should be regularly checked for accuracy.1.1 This practice covers, when specified by material specification or purchase order, the heat treatment of aluminum alloy castings from all casting processes.1.1.1 The heat treatment of aluminum alloy castings used in specific aerospace applications is covered in AMS 2771 and specific AMS material specifications.1.1.2 The heat treatment of wrought aluminum alloys is covered in Practice B918/B918M.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1186-22e1 Standard Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This specification covers either untextured or surface textured non-asbestos fiber-cement flat sheets intended for exterior applications such as claddings, facades, curtain walls, soffits, and so forth. This specification does not apply to asbestos-cement flat sheets, gypsum-based boards or particle boards, discrete non-asbestos fiber-cement interior substrate sheets, fiber-mat reinforced non-asbestos cement interior substrate sheets, or cement-bonded particleboards. Flat sheets covered here are divided into two types according to their intended application, and four grades according to their flexural strengths. Type A sheets are intended for exterior applications subjected to the direct action of sun, rain, or snow, while Type B sheets are intended for exterior applications not subjected to the direct action of sun, rain, or snow. Sheets shall adhere to the following mechanical and physical requirements: flexural strength, density, dimension (nominal length, width, and thickness, squareness, and edge straightness), finish, and color.1.1 This specification covers either untextured or surface textured fiber-cement flat sheets intended for exterior applications such as wall claddings, facades, curtain walls, soffits, and so forth.1.2 This specification is not applicable to asbestos-cement flat sheets (Specification C220), gypsum-based boards (Specifications C1396/C1396M, C1177/C1177M, C1178/C1178M), or particle boards (Terminology D1554) discrete non-asbestos fiber-cement interior substrate sheets (Specification C1288), fiber-mat reinforced non-asbestos cement interior substrate sheets (Specification C1325), or cement-bonded particleboards (Specification BS 5669: Part 4) and (ISO 8335).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This procedure can be used for (but is not limited to) the following applications:(1) support glass formulation development to make sure that processing criteria are met,(2) support production (for example, processing or troubleshooting), and(3) support model validation.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the liquidus temperature (TL) of nuclear waste, mixed nuclear waste, simulated nuclear waste, or hazardous waste glass in the temperature range from 600 °C to 1600 °C. This test method differs from Practice C829 in that it employs additional methods to determine TL. TL is useful in waste glass plant operation, glass formulation, and melter design to determine the minimum temperature that must be maintained in a waste glass melt to make sure that crystallization does not occur or is below a particular constraint, for example, 1 volume % crystallinity or T1%. As of now, many institutions studying waste and simulated waste vitrification are not in agreement regarding this constraint (1).21.2 Three methods are included, differing in (1) the type of equipment available to the analyst (that is, type of furnace and characterization equipment), (2) the quantity of glass available to the analyst, (3) the precision and accuracy desired for the measurement, and (4) candidate glass properties. The glass properties, for example, glass volatility and estimated TL, will dictate the required method for making the most precise measurement. The three different approaches to measuring TL described here include the following: Gradient Temperature Furnace Method (GT), Uniform Temperature Furnace Method (UT), and Crystal Fraction Extrapolation Method (CF). This procedure is intended to provide specific work processes, but may be supplemented by test instructions as deemed appropriate by the project manager or principle investigator. The methods defined here are not applicable to glasses that form multiple immiscible liquid phases. Immiscibility may be detected in the initial examination of glass during sample preparation (see 9.3). However, immiscibility may not become apparent until after testing is underway.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 It is recognized that chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings are not usually under tension when in service; however, such data are useful for purposes of determining the rate of cure and other properties.4.2 This test method is not recommended for mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings containing aggregate greater than 1/4 in.1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength of cured chemical-resistant materials in the form of molded briquets. These materials include mortars, brick and tile grouts, machinery grouts, and monolithic surfacings. These materials shall be based on resin, silicate, silica, or sulfur binders.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers standardization of pipe sizes and thread types used to join impervious graphite pipe and fittings. This specification may also be applied to impervious carbon pipe and fittings. Physical dimensions of impervious graphite and carbon pipes and threads shall be within the limits indicated in this specification.1.1 This specification covers the standardization of the pipe sizes and types of threads used to join impervious graphite pipe and fittings. The thread standards may also be applied to impervious carbon pipe and fittings. It is limited to physical dimensions.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is used for making test cylinders or prisms of PA concrete. Cylinders are used for determining compressive strength and approximate density. Prisms, cut from cylinders, eliminate the surface effect and thus more accurately represent the actual density of PA concrete in place.1.1 This practice covers procedures for making standard test cylinders used to determine the compressive strength and density of preplaced-aggregate (PA) concrete.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.21.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test provides an easy method of determining the viscosity of cellulose derivatives in a given solvent. The answers are in units commonly used in industrial practice. Such information is needed for cellulose derivatives that are to be extruded, molded, sprayed, or brushed as is or in solution.1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and general procedure for making ball-drop viscosity measurements on solutions of various cellulose derivatives. Instructions for sample preparation, solution concentration, and other details are discussed in the ASTM methods for the respective cellulose derivatives.1.2 This test method is applicable to solutions of various cellulose derivatives having viscosities greater than 10 P, by using balls of various diameters and densities. Viscosity results are expressed preferably in poises.1.3 In commercial practice, viscosities are often expressed in seconds using 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) stainless steel balls.2 When the viscosity is outside the practical range for these balls (75 to 300 P), the measurement can be made using a calibrated pipet viscometer or a different ball and calculating the observed viscosity to the corresponding time for a 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) ball, even though it is a small fraction of a second.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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