17704692435
4.1 Geomembranes are used as impermeable barriers to prevent liquids leaking out of landfills, ponds, and other containment facilities. In addition, geomembranes are also used to prevent external liquids leaking into to these types of facilities (for example, floating covers, landfill caps, and roofs of storage tanks). The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment or damage to the contents where protection is against leakage into the facility. In the case of a landfill cap, leakage increases the amount of leachate that the landfill can produce. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose. For these reasons, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.4.2 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.4.3 The most significant causes of leaks in geomembranes that are covered with only water are related to construction activities, including pumps and equipment placed on the geomembrane, accidental punctures, punctures caused by traffic over rocks or debris on the geomembrane or in the subgrade, and ruptures caused by settlement during filling.4.4 The most significant cause of leaks in geomembranes covered with earthen materials is construction damage caused by machinery that occurs while placing the earthen material on the geomembrane. Such damage also can breach additional layers of the lining system such as geosynthetic clay liners.4.5 As a practical measure, other electrical leak location methods (see Guide D6747) should be used in conjunction with the permanent monitoring system to eliminate leaks in the installed geomembrane(s) as part of facility construction. Such methods must include testing of the exposed geomembrane before covering and before commissioning a permanent monitoring system. Then the permanent monitoring system can be used in conjunction with other cover geomembrane testing methods to quickly detect and locate all leaks caused by the covering process.4.6 Permanent electric leak location monitoring methods are used to first detect and then subsequently locate leaks for repair during the whole life of the geomembrane. They are designed to detect and locate leaks at the end of the construction phase and during the operational and closure phases and also to monitor any post-closure phases. These practices can easily achieve a zero-leak condition at the conclusion of the measurement(s) at the end of the construction phase. If any of the requirements for measurement area preparation and testing procedures is not adhered to, however, then leaks can remain in the geomembrane after the construction phase completion measurement. On some sites it may not be practicable to achieve, but the closer the site can be designed (and carefully constructed to that design), the closer it will reach the ideal zero-leak condition.4.7 Through the life of the facility monitored by an electric leak location system, leaks that are detected can be repaired. Often the difficulties of carrying out a repair are cited as a reason for not applying this method. However, history has shown that it may be better to know, in order to minimize late-life remedial work, by repairing leaks in a sector of a site rather than entirely exhuming and relocating (waste, for example) to a new site.4.8 A permanent electric leak location monitoring system must last longer than the geomembrane it is designed to monitor, otherwise failure caused by degradation of that material will not be detected. To achieve this, all buried components and the associated electrical connections must be designed in such a way as to achieve this and additionally must avoid metallic corrosion of the buried components and/or critical connections.1.1 These practices describe standard procedures for using electrical methods to locate leaks in geomembranes covered with liquid, earthen materials, waste, and/or any material deposited on the geomembrane.1.2 These practices are intended to ensure that permanent leak detection and location systems are effective, which can result in complete containment (no leaks in the geomembrane).1.3 Not all sites will be easily amenable to this method, but some preparation can be performed in order to enable this method at nearly any site as outlined in Section 6. If ideal testing conditions cannot be achieved (or designed out), the method can still be performed, but any issues with site conditions must be documented.1.4 Permanent monitoring systems for electrical leak detection and location can be used on geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, and other containment facilities including civil engineering structures. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other sufficiently electrically insulating materials.1.5 Any permanent electrical monitoring system must detect the occurrence of a leak through the geomembrane, and it must last longer than the monitored geomembrane by nature of the concept. Therefore, all buried components and mechanical and electrical connections must be made of material either the same as the geomembrane, in case of sensors situated above geomembrane, or made from a material with a longer lifespan in cases where they are situated under the monitored geomembrane.1.6 Permanent electrical monitoring systems are comprised of either large mesh pads separated by nominal spaces, or a grid of sensors situated either below the geomembrane or above the geomembrane or in both positions (below and above the geomembrane). In specific cases, sensors may be situated only at the perimeter of the monitored lined facility.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures should be taken to protect the leak location operators, as well as other people at the site.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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2.1 This practice is intended for use by any technical investigator when investigating an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation. The intent is to obtain sufficient information and physical items to identify evidence associated with the incident and to preserve it for analysis.2.2 The quality of evidence may change with time, therefore, special effort should be taken to capture and preserve evidence in an expeditious manner. This practice sets forth guidelines for the collection and preservation of evidence for further analysis.2.3 Evidence that has been collected and preserved is identified with, and traceable to, the incident. This practice sets forth guidelines for such procedures.1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the collection and preservation of information and physical items by any technical investigator pertaining to an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation.1.2 This practice describes generally accepted professional principles and operations, although the facts and issues of each situation require consideration, and frequently involve matters not expressly dealt with herein. Deviations from this practice should be based on specific articulable circumstances.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 This test method provides a procedure for performing laboratory tests to determine the minimum autoignition temperature (MAIT) of a dust cloud.5.2 The test data developed from this test method can be used to limit the temperature to which a dust cloud is exposed so as to prevent ignition of the cloud. Because of the short duration of the test, the data obtained are most applicable to industrial equipment where dust is present as a cloud for a short time. Because of the small scale of the test and the possible variation of the MAIT value with scale, the data obtained by this test method may not be directly applicable to all industrial conditions.5.3 The MAIT data can also be used in conjunction with minimum spark ignition data to evaluate the hazards of grinding and impact sparks in the presence of dust clouds (1 and 2).35.4 The test values obtained are specific to the sample tested, the method used, and the test equipment utilized. The test values are not to be considered intrinsic material constants, but may be used as a relative measure of the temperature at which a dust cloud self ignites.5.5 The test data are for cloud ignition. Dust in the form of a layer may ignite at significantly lower temperatures than the same dust in the form of a cloud (3). For liquid chemicals, see Test Method E659.1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature at which a given dust cloud will autoignite when exposed to air heated in a furnace at local atmospheric pressure.1.2 Data obtained from this test method provide a relative measure of dust cloud autoignition temperatures.1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
9.1 Architectural strip seals included in this specification shall be those:9.1.1 Extruded as a membrane,9.1.2 Extruded as tubular,9.1.3 With frames,9.1.4 With flanges mechanically secured,9.1.5 With flanges chemically secured,9.1.6 Used in interior or exterior applications, and9.1.7 Used in any construction of the building.9.2 This specification will give users, producers, building officials, code authorities, and others a basis for verifying material and performance characteristics of representative specimens under common test conditions. This specification will produce data on the following:9.2.1 The physical properties of the fully cured elastomeric alloy, and9.2.2 The movement capability in relation to the nominal joint width as defined under Test Method E1399/E1399M.9.3 This specification compares similar architectural strip seals but is not intended to reflect the system's application. “Similar” refers to the same type of architectural strip seal within the same subsection under 9.1.9.4 This specification does not provide information on the following:9.4.1 Durability of the architectural strip seal under actual service conditions, including the effects of cycled temperature on the strip seal;9.4.2 Loading capability of the system and the effects of a load on the functional parameters established by this specification;9.4.3 Shear and rotational movements of the specimen;9.4.4 Any other attributes of the specimen, such as fire resistance, wear resistance, chemical resistance, air infiltration, watertightness, and so forth; andNOTE 3: This specification addresses fully cured elastomeric alloys. Test Methods D395, D573, D1052, and D1149 are tests better suited for evaluating thermoset materials.9.4.5 Testing or compatibility of substrates.9.5 This specification is intended to be used as only one element in the selection of an architectural strip seal for a particular application. It is not intended as an independent pass or fail acceptance procedure. Other standards shall be used in conjunction with this specification to evaluate the importance of other service conditions such as durability, structural loading, and compatibility.AbstractThis specification covers the physical requirements and movement capabilities of preformed architectural strip seals for use in sealing expansion joints in buildings and parking structures. However, this specification does not provide information on the durability of the architectural strip seals under actual service conditions, loading capability of the system, and the effects of a load on the functional parameters. Material covered by this specification consists of architectural strip seals extruded as a membrane or tubular, with frames, with flanges mechanically or chemically secured, used in interior or exterior application, and used in any construction of the building. The architectural strip seal shall be manufactured from a fully cured elastomeric alloy as a preformed extrusion free of defects such as holes and air bubbles, and with dimensions conforming to the requirements specified. Tests for tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, ozone resistance, compression set, heat aging, tear resistance, brittleness temperature, and water absorption shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers the physical requirements for the fully cured elastomeric alloy and the movement capabilities of preformed architectural compression seals used for sealing expansion joints in buildings and parking structures. The preformed architectural strip seal is an elastomeric extrusion. This extrusion is either a membrane or tubular having an internal baffle system produced continuously and longitudinally throughout the material. These extrusions are secured in or over a joint by locking rails or an end dam nosing material. The architectural strip seal is compressed and expanded by this mechanical or chemical attachment.NOTE 1: Movement capability is defined in Test Method E1399/E1399M.1.2 This specification covers all colors of architectural strip seals.NOTE 2: The products described in this specification are manufactured from thermoplastic elastomers defined as “fully cured elastomeric alloys” in Test Method D5048.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Use this practice to identify and measure the amount of actual and effective floor area that will be unavailable to occupants for the placement of people’s workplaces, furniture, and equipment or for circulation.4.2 Findings from use of this practice are intended for optional inclusion with reports of floor area measured in accordance with Practice E1836/E1836M or in accordance with ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996.NOTE 1: The choice between using Practice E1836/E1836M or ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 as the basis for measurement depends on the objectives of the analysis. Practice E1836/E1836M is oriented to the traditional interests of design professionals and would be particularly suitable for single-tenant buildings whereas some categories of space measured by ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 are oriented to the leasing of multi-tenant buildings by real estate professionals.4.3 this practice is not intended for use for regulatory purposes, nor for fire hazard assessment, nor for fire risk assessment.1.1 This practice specifies how to measure certain characteristics of a building, known as building loss features, inside the exterior gross area of a floor and how to calculate the amount of actual and effective floor area that will be not be available for the placement of people’s workplaces, furniture, equipment, or for circulation, if using standard furnishings and orthogonal furniture systems.1.2 This practice can be used to specify a performance requirement to limit the amount of floor area that may be taken up by building loss features.1.3 This practice can be used to assess how well a design(s) for an office facility meets a performance requirement regarding floor area.1.4 This practice can be used to assess how well a constructed office building has met a performance requirement regarding floor area.1.5 This practice is not intended for and not suitable for use for regulatory purposes, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment.1.6 Users of this practice should recognize that, in some situations, the amount of certain actual and effective floor area losses may be mitigated to some degree at some cost by custom-tailoring spaces and creating specially fitted furnishings and carpentry to get some value from space which would not otherwise be usable.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 APR technology is used for detection, location and identification of internal diameter (ID) flaws-indications and blockages in tube bundles.5.2 Reliable and accurate examination of tube bundles is of great importance in different industries. On-time detection of flaws reduces a risk of catastrophic failure and minimizes unplanned shutdowns of plant equipment. Fast examination capability is of great importance due to reduction of maintenance time.5.3 APR examinations are performed for quality control of newly manufactured tube bundles as well as for in-service inspection.5.4 Performing an APR examination requires access to an open end of each tube to be examined.5.5 Flaws that can be readily detected and identified include but are not limited to through-wall holes, ID pitting, erosion, blockages, bulging due to creep and plastic deformation due to bending.5.6 APR can be applied to tube bundles made of metal, graphite, plastic or other solid materials with straight and curved sections. The APR technology has been found effective on tubes with diameters between 12.7 mm [1/2 in.] to 101.6 mm [4 in.] and lengths up to 18 metres [60 feet].5.7 Closed cracks on ID surface, without significant geometrical alternation on ID surface, may not be detected by APR.5.8 APR technology can be used for flaw sizing when special signal and data analysis methods are developed and applied.5.9 In addition to detection of flaws and blockages, APR technology can be applied for assessing tube ID surface cleanliness, providing valuable information for equipment maintenance and improving its performance.5.10 Other nondestructive test methods may be used to verify and evaluate the significance of APR indications, their exact position, depth, dimension and orientation. These include remote visual inspection, eddy current and ultrasonic testing.5.11 Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.5.12 Acceptable flaw size can be calculated using methods of fracture mechanics, numerical modeling, or both. These calculations are beyond the scope of this document.1.1 This practice describes use of Acoustic Pulse Reflectometry (APR) technology for examination of the internal surface of typical tube bundles found in heat exchangers, boilers, tubular air heaters and reactors, during shutdown periods.1.2 The purpose of APR examination is to detect, locate and identify flaws such as through-wall holes, ID wall loss due to pitting and/or erosion as well as full or partial tube blockages. APR may not be effective in detecting cracks with tight boundaries.1.3 APR technology utilizes generation of sound waves through the air in the examined tube, then detecting reflections created by discontinuities and/or blockages. Analysis of the initial phase (positive or negative) and the shape of the reflected acoustic wave are used to identify the type of flaw causing the reflection.1.4 When proper methods of signal and data analysis are developed, APR technology can be applied for sizing of flaw/blockage indications.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 This practice provides a protocol to compare different decontamination technologies with a standard contamination mechanism and analysis of subsequent decontamination factors/efficiencies.5.2 The use of this practice provides for the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of fixed radiological or surrogate contaminant on the surface.5.3 A standard test coupon is described and a list of potential spray equipment, contaminants, and contaminating solutions is provided within the procedure.5.4 This method describes a contamination simulation process that meets the requirements of testing performed (previously) by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.1.1 This practice is intended to provide a basis for simulating radioactive contamination consistent with processes used to evaluate decontamination. The methods described provide a “fixed-type” radiological or surrogate contamination on porous surfaces; these methods provide a surface contamination that is not easily removed by brushing or flushing with water.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This practice is intended to be practiced primarily on porous surfaces such as concrete, marble, granite, grout, brick, tile, asphalt, vinyl floor tile, latex painted gypsum wall board and polyurethane coated wood. Preparation of non-porous substrates is not addressed, although similar methodology may be used.1.4 The chemical simulants shall not include nor generate toxic by-products as defined by U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during preparation, application, or removal under normal conditions. A Safety Data Sheet shall be provided so that appropriate PPE can be selected.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 This practice is designed to determine the effects of different packaging materials whether of construction or systems (overpack, inert atmosphere, etc.), or both. Different packaging materials may require different packaging systems and thus detectable differences may not be experimentally separable from these influences. The practice then, is limited to those situations where comparative results are meaningful. This practice should be used where experimental materials or alternate storage conditions are evaluated against a known control, for example, a soft drink in cans with experimental liners versus known liners, or potato sticks in plastic bags versus coated paper bags. Accepted industry standard packages, such as glass bottles and metal cans may also be used as controls.4.2 There are many ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the product with off-flavors/aromas by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product, commonly referred to as contribution or migration effect. Second, the packaging material may adsorb components from the product thus reducing flavor/aroma intensity of the product, commonly referred to as sorption or scalping effect. Third, external contaminants may permeate through the package and possibly be transferred into the product and/or compounds in the product may permeate out of the packaging, commonly referred to as permeation effect. (See Fig. 1.)FIG. 1 Packing and Product Interactions Chart1.1 This practice is designed to detect the changes in sensory attributes of foods and beverages stored in various packaging materials or systems, or both. It is not a practice intended to determine shelf-life.1.2 This practice may be used for testing a wide variety of materials in association with many kinds of products. There are many ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the product with off-flavors by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product. Second, the packaging material may adsorb components from the product which may then be further transferred to the atmosphere, thus reducing aroma intensity in the product. Third, external contaminants may permeate the package and possibly be transferred to the product. In addition to flavor influences, packaging materials may allow color or textural changes, or both, and many other measurable sensory effects.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 The sound absorption of a material that covers a flat surface depends not only on the physical properties of the material but also on the way in which the material is mounted over the surface. The mountings specified in these practices are intended to simulate in the laboratory conditions that exist in normal use.4.2 Some of the specified mountings require special fixtures or minor deviations from normal practice. These fixtures or deviations are to be used only during laboratory tests and should not be specified for practical installations. They are noted in the specifications for the mountings in question by the phrase “for laboratory testing only.”4.3 Test reports may refer to these mountings by type designation instead of providing a detailed description of the mounting used.1.1 These practices cover test specimen mountings to be used during sound absorption tests performed in accordance with Test Method C423.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification covers standard envelope dimensions for manual (lever and gear actuator) butterfly valves installed in shipboard piping systems. Materials covered by this specification are conventional and ANSI B16.34 class butterfly valves (from NPS 2 to NPS24) of both lug and wafer types.1.1 This specification provides standard dimensions for manual (lever and gear actuator) butterfly valves installed in shipboard piping systems in NPS 2 to NPS 24, inclusive.1.2 This specification covers conventional and ASME B16.34 class butterfly valves of both lug and wafer types.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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