17704692435
This specification covers the standard for stainless steel wire strand composed of a multiplicity of round wires and suitable for use as guy wires, overhead ground wires, and similar purposes. Stranding shall be sufficiently close to ensure no appreciable reduction in diameter when stressed to the specified strength. Several types of steel are covered like Type 302, 304, 305, 316, 316Cb, or 316Ti and shall conform to the required chemical composition values in carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and nitrogen. The tensile strength, based upon the nominal strand diameter and the number of wires in each strand, shall conform to the minimum values in breaking strength. The individual wires of the completed strand shall not fracture when wrapped in a close helix of at least two turns upon itself as a mandrel.1.1 This specification covers stainless steel wire strand composed of a multiplicity of round wires and suitable for use as guy wires, overhead ground wires, and similar purposes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This specification covers carbon and high-strength low alloy steel structural shapes, plates and bars, and quenched and tempered alloy steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and copper for the required chemical composition. A tension test shall be used to determine the required tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Materials shall undergo: (1) an impact test for non-fracture critical and fracture critical members; and (2) a Brinell hardness test for Grades 100 and 100W. Atmospheric corrosion resistance shall also be determined.1.1 This specification covers carbon and high-strength low-alloy steel structural shapes, plates, and bars, quenched and tempered alloy steel, and stainless steel for structural plates intended for use in bridges. Twelve grades are available in five yield strength levels as follows:Grade U.S. [SI] Yield Strength, ksi [MPa] 36 [250] 36 [250] 50 [345] 50 [345] 50S [345S] 50 [345] QST 50 [QST 345] 50 [345] QST 50S [QST 345S] 50 [345] 50W [345W] 50 [345] HPS 50W [HPS 345W] 50 [345] 50CR [345CR] 50 [345] QST 65 [QST450] 65 [450] QST 70 [QST485] 70 [485] HPS 70W [HPS 485W] 70 [485] HPS 100W [HPS 690W] 100 [690] 1.1.1 Grades 36 [250], 50 [345], 50S [345S], 50W [345W], 50CR [345CR], QST 50 [QST 345], QST 50S [QST 345S], QST 65 [QST 450], and QST 70 [QST 485] are also included in Specifications A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A1010/A1010M (UNS S41003), and A913/A913M respectively. When the requirements of Table 11 or Table 12 or the supplementary requirements of this specification are specified, they exceed the requirements of Specifications A36/A36M, A572/A572M, A992/A992M, A588/A588M, A1010/A1010M (UNS S41003), and A913/A913M. Product availability is shown in Table 1.1.1.2 Grades 50W [345W], 50CR [345CR], HPS 50W [HPS 345W], HPS 70W [HPS 485W], and HPS 100W [HPS 690W] have enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance (see 13.1.2). Product availability is shown in Table 1.1.2 Grade HPS 70W [HPS 485W] or HPS 100W [HPS 690W] shall not be substituted for Grades 36 [250], 50 [345], 50S [345S], 50W [345W], or HPS 50W [HPS 345W]. Grade 50W [345W], or HPS 50W [HPS 345W] shall not be substituted for Grades 36 [250], 50 [345] or 50S [345S] without agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.3 When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.1.4 For structural products to be used as tension components requiring notch toughness testing, standardized requirements are provided in this standard, and they are based upon American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) requirements for both fracture critical and non-fracture critical members.1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only if specified in the purchase order.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 For structural products produced from coil and furnished without heat treatment or with stress relieving only, the additional requirements, including additional testing requirements and the reporting of additional test results, of Specification A6/A6M apply.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification covers wrought welding fittings, including threaded fittings, for pressure piping, factory-made from nickel and nickel alloys. The term welding applies to butt-welding or socket-welding parts such as elbows, bends, caps, tees, reducers, lap-joint, and stub ends. This specification does not apply to cast welding fittings. Grades of nickel and nickel alloys included in this specification are designated with a prefix, WP or CR, based on dimensional and rating standards. WP grades have class designations (Class S, Class W, Class WX, and Class WU) to indicate whether seamless or welded construction is utilized and to indicate the nondestructive test method and extent of nondestructive examination (such as radiography and/or ultrasonic test). The material for wrought welding fittings may consist of forgings, rods, bars, plates, sheets, and seamless or welded pipe that conform to all the specified requirements. Forging or shaping operations may be performed by hammering, pressing, piercing, extruding, upsetting, rolling, bending, or fusion welding, or by a combination of two or more of these operations. Chemical and product analyses shall conform to the chemical composition prescribed. Requirements for tensile properties, heat treatment, tension test, and dimensions are detailed. Hydrostatic testing of wrought fittings is not required by this specification.1.1 This specification covers wrought welding fittings for pressure piping, factory-made from nickel and nickel alloys. Threaded fittings as covered in ASME B16.11 are also covered by this specification. The term welding applies to butt-welding or socket-welding parts such as 45° and 90° elbows, 180° bends, caps, tees, reducers, lap-joint stub ends, and other types, as covered by ASME B16.9, ASME B16.11, MSS SP-43, MSS SP-95, and MSS SP-97.1.1.1 Several grades of nickel and nickel alloys are included in this specification. Grades are designated with a prefix, WP or CR, based on the applicable ASME or MSS dimensional and rating standards.1.1.2 Class WP fittings are those manufactured to the requirements of ASME B16.9, B16.11.1.1.3 For each of the WP nickel and nickel alloy grades, several classes of fittings are covered to indicate whether seamless or welded construction was utilized. Class designations are also utilized to indicate the nondestructive test method and extent of nondestructive examination (NDE). Table 1 is general summary of the fitting classes applicable to all WP grades of nickel and nickel alloys covered by this specification. There are no classes for the CR grades. Specific requirements are covered elsewhere.1.2 This specification does not apply to cast welding fittings.1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are provided for fittings where a greater degree of examination is desired. These supplementary requirements call for additional tests. When desired, one or more of these may be specified in the order.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 The microstructure of a cemented carbide affects the material's mechanical and physical properties. This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for carbide grades. Producers and users may use the microstructural information as a guide in developing their own specifications.1.1 This guide covers apparatus and procedures for the metallographic identification of microstructures in cemented carbides.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Precautions applying to use of hazardous laboratory chemicals should be observed for chemicals specified in Table 1.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or imparting unique properties to the surface of a substrate, it must adhere to the substrate for the expected service life. Because surface preparation (or lack of it) has a drastic effect on adhesion of coatings, a test method for evaluating adhesion to different surface treatments or of different coatings to the same treatment is of considerable use to the industry.4.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods, and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3) should be recognized before using it. These test methods are mechanized adaptations of Test Methods D3359; therefore, the intra- and interlaboratory precision of these test methods are similar to Test Methods D3359 and to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates, for example, Test Method D2370, but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. The pass-fail scale of 0 to 5 for Method B1 and B2 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.1.1 These test methods describe procedures for assessing the adhesion of metallic and inorganic coatings and other thin films to metallic and nonmetallic substrates. Assessment is made by applying pressure-sensitive tape to a coated surface and then utilizing a mechanical device to remove the tape at a regulated, uniform rate and constant angle while simultaneously recording the removal force.1.2 Four methods are described. Methods A1 and A2 are intended primarily for use on parts. Methods B1 and B2 are intended primarily for use in laboratory evaluations. Methods B1 and B2 are not recommended for testing coatings and films on polymer substrates.1.3 These test methods may be used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is within a required range (between a quantified low and a quantified high level). Determination of actual adhesive forces requires more sophisticated methods of measurement. In multilayer systems adhesion failure may occur between intermediate coating layers so that the adhesion of the total coating system to the substrate may not necessarily be determined.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 This guide supports the development of material behavior models that can be used to estimate performance of the EBS materials during the post-closure period of a high-level nuclear waste repository for times much longer than can be tested directly. This guide is intended for modeling the degradation behaviors of materials proposed for use in an EBS designed to contain radionuclides over tens of thousands of years and more. There is both national and international recognition of the importance of the use and long-term performance of engineered materials in geologic repository design. Use of the models developed following the approaches described in this guide is intended to address established regulations, such as:5.1.1 U.S. Public Law 97–425, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, provides for the deep geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste through a system of multiple barriers. These barriers include engineered barriers designed to prevent the migration of radionuclides out of the engineered system, and the geologic host medium that provides an additional transport barrier between the engineered system and biosphere. The regulations of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for geologic disposal require a performance confirmation program to provide data through tests and analyses, where practicable, that demonstrate engineered systems and components that are designed or assumed to act as barriers after permanent closure are functioning as intended and anticipated.5.1.2 IAEA Safety Requirements specify that engineered barriers shall be designed and the host environment shall be selected to provide containment of the radionuclides associated with the wastes.5.1.3 The Swedish Regulatory Authority has provided general advice to the repository developer that the application of best available technique be followed in connection with disposal, which means that the siting, design, construction, and operation of the repository and appurtenant system components should be carried out so as to prevent, limit, and delay releases from both engineered and geological barriers as far as is reasonably possible.5.1.4 The Regulatory Authority in Finland identified the need to support the safety assessment stating that the input data and models utilized in the safety case shall be based on high-quality research data and expert judgement. Data and models shall be validated as far as possible and correspond to the conditions likely to prevail at the disposal site during the assessment period.5.1.5 The Office of Nuclear Regulation in the United Kingdom will regulate an operating geological repository under the Nuclear Installations Act through application of the Safety Assessment Principles developed for all nuclear facilities and the post-closure disposal period will be regulated under the Radioactive Substances Act by the Environmental Agency. A Memorandum of Understanding outlines how the two regulators work together10.5.2 This guide aids in defining acceptable methods for making useful estimations of long-term behavior of materials from such sources as test data, scientific theory, and analogs.5.3 This guide recognizes that technical information and test data regarding the actual behavior of EBS materials will by necessity be based on test durations that are short relative to the time periods required for geologic disposal (for example, thousands of years and longer). In addition to use in formulating acceptable long-term performance models, data from short-term tests are used to support EBS design and the selection of materials. For example, low confidence in the ability to model the degradation of one material may justify the selection of alternative EBS barrier materials that can be modelled with higher confidence. It is expected that the model will correctly represent material behavior in the intended applications of establishing design criteria, comparison of performance assessment results with safety limits, and so forth. See Section 21 for further discussion on model support and confidence.5.4 The EBS environment of interest is that defined by the natural conditions (for example, minerals, moisture, biota, and mechanical stresses); changes that occur over time, during repository construction and operation, and as a consequence of radionuclide decay, namely, radiation, radiation-induced damage, heating, and radiolytic effects on the solution chemistry; and changes that may occur over the post-closure period. Environmental conditions associated with disruptive events (for example, mechanical stress from seismic events) and processes (for example, changes in water chemistry) should also be considered.1.1 This guide addresses how various test methods and data analyses can be used to develop models for the evaluation of the long-term alteration behavior of materials used in an engineered barrier system (EBS) for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and other high-level nuclear waste in a geologic repository. The alteration behavior of waste forms and EBS materials is important because it affects the retention of radionuclides within the disposal system either directly, as in the case of waste forms in which the radionuclides are initially immobilized, or indirectly, as in the case of EBS containment materials that restrict the ingress of groundwater or the egress of radionuclides that are released as the waste forms degrade.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide a scientifically-based strategy for developing models that can be used to estimate material alteration behavior after a repository is permanently closed (that is, in the post-closure period). Because the timescale involved with geological disposal precludes direct validation of predictions, mechanistic understanding of the processes based on detailed data and models and consideration of the range of uncertainty are recommended.1.3 This guide addresses the scientific bases and uncertainties in material behavior models and the impact on the confidence in the EBS design criteria and repository performance assessments using those models. This includes the identification and use of conservative assumptions to address uncertainty in the long-term performance of materials.1.3.1 Steps involved in evaluating the performance of waste forms and EBS materials include problem definition, laboratory and field testing, modeling of individual and coupled processes, and model confirmation.1.3.2 The estimates of waste form and EBS material performance are based on models derived from theoretical considerations, expert judgments, and interpretations of data obtained from tests and analyses of appropriate analogs.1.3.3 For the purpose of this guide, tests are categorized according to the information they provide and how it is used for model development, support, and use. These tests may include but are not limited to: attribute tests, characterization tests, accelerated tests, service condition tests, and confirmation tests.1.4 This guide does not address testing required to define or characterize the repository environment (that is, the groundwater quantity or chemistry, host rock properties, etc.). The logical approach and testing concepts described herein can be applied to the disposal system.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This practice covers the standards for the verification and calibration of polarimeters required to maintain these instruments and ensure that the optical setup is within specification for satisfactory measurements. Verification and calibration procedures are performed using two types of procedures: Procedure A (verification) and Procedure B (calibration). Procedure A is done by measuring individual components and their orientation to ensure that they comply accordingly. Procedure B is done by determining the accuracy of the polarimeter using a calibrated gage or retarder.1.1 Polarimeters and polariscopes used for measuring stress in glass are described in Test Methods F218, C148, and C978. These instruments include a light source and several optical elements (polarizers, optical retarders, filters, and so forth) that require occasional cleaning, realigning, and calibration. The objective of these practices is to describe the calibration and verification procedures required to maintain these instruments in calibration and ensure that the optical setup is within specification for satisfactory measurements.1.2 It is mandatory throughout these practices that both verification and calibration are carried out by qualified personnel who fully understand the concepts used in measurements of stress retardation and are experienced in the practices of measuring procedures described in Test Methods F218, C148, and C978.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification covers structural cementitious panels and defines minimum performance requirements for structural cementitious sheathing panels with respect to structural performance, dimensional stability performance, dimensional tolerance, noncombustibility, surface burning characteristics, long-term durability, water durability, mold resistance, density, moment capacity, and bending stiffness. Structural cementitious panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels that can be used as floor, roof, and wall sheathing when fastened to supports spaced in accordance with the appropriate span rating. Qualification procedures and initial testing methods shall be conducted to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the panels. Statistical analysis shall also be performed for sampling and inspection of the panel samples.1.1 This specification covers structural cementitious panels. Structural cementitious panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels intended for use as structural panels. Structural cementitious panels can be used as floor, roof and wall sheathing when fastened to supports spaced in accordance with the appropriate span rating.1.2 This specification defines minimum performance requirements for structural cementitious sheathing panels with respect to structural performance, dimensional stability performance, dimensional tolerance, noncombustibility, surface burning characteristics, long-term durability, water durability, mold resistance, density, moment capacity and bending stiffness.1.3 This specification also defines a policy to assure on-going product quality by detecting changes in panel properties that may adversely affect panel performance. Required audits of quality activities by a third party quality assurance agency are also defined.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.1.2 The two methods appear as follows: Sections Method A—Referee Method Method B—Routine Method 4 to 9 10 to 141.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended where high accuracy is required.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 This test method is intended for testing tiles that are to be used for food counters, lavatories, and similar residential, medical, and commercial installations, where they may come in contact with food, chemical, and waste substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed to contact with strong cleaning agents.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining whether, and to what degree, ceramic tiles and glass tiles are affected by prolonged exposure to chemical substances that are commonly used in the household or for cleaning purposes as well as other more severe conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 The units used for concentration in this standard are v/v, which refers to the volume of reagent/1 L of solution, and g/L, which refers to the weight of reagent, in g, to be dissolved in 1 L of water.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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