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4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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5.1 In the normal use of a way lubricant in a machine tool, the way lubricant eventually becomes a contaminant that may emulsify into the coolant. It is generally desirable to remove this contaminant by skimming; otherwise, the coolant lifetime may be significantly shortened. This test method provides a guide for determining the separability characteristics of way lubricants that are expected to get into aqueous alkaline metalworking coolants. It is used for specification of new oils and might be useful in monitoring of in-service oils.1.1 This test method measures the ability of single-use way lubricants to separate from metalworking coolants (synthetic coolants, semisynthetic coolants, and soluble oils) or other alkaline aqueous fluids.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance practices are important for the optimum operation of testing laboratories using D16 methods for aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials. Quality procedure guidelines, like those described in this document or other suitably correct QA/QC-related reference, can be useful to optimally perform these methods.1.1 This guide contains non-mandatory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) activities that may be referenced in standards maintained by ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials.1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of the issues that may be pertinent to an active QA/QC process.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 This test is meant to simulate the ability of a coating applied to a basement or other below grade masonry walls to prevent the intrusion of water through the coating caused by hydrostatic pressure from water on the outside of the structure.1.1 This practice is for the evaluation of coatings used in below grade applications to resist the passage of water through concrete block.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Acid etch damage is an important warranty claim item for automotive companies. As a result, acid etch resistance is an important parameter for automotive exterior coatings. The method described in this test method has been shown to simulate acid etch damage of automotive clearcoats that occurs when such coatings are exposed from May through mid-August in Jacksonville, FL.3,5 The accelerated test described in this standard allows year-round testing as opposed to the limited outdoor exposure time available for the Jacksonville, FL exposures.1.1 This test method covers an accelerated exposure test intended to simulate defects in automotive clearcoats caused by acid rain2 that occur at the Jacksonville, Florida exposure site. Exterior exposures at an acid rain test location in Jacksonville, Florida produce etch defects that range from small pits to 12.7 mm [0.5 in.] in diameter or larger acid-etched spots. The latter type of defect is not produced in other acid-etch tests that only produce pits that are smaller than 6.35 mm [0.25 in.] in diameter.3NOTE 1: Digital images of the acid etch defects produced in outdoor acid-rain exposures and in the accelerated test described in this test method are found in Appendix X1.1.2 The accelerated test described in this test method uses a xenon-arc light source with daylight filter conforming to the requirements of Practice G155. Specimens are sprayed with a simulated acid rain solution and requires the use of a horizontal, flat specimen array in order to allow the acid rain solution to remain on the test specimens for an extended period of time.1.3 There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6.1 This practice is for removing specimens from existing modified bitumen roof membranes for visual assessment and evaluation for abnormalities in the membrane.6.2 This practice is not intended for roofs under construction.1.1 This practice is for removing specimens from existing modified bitumen roof membranes for visual assessment and evaluation for abnormalities in the membrane. The roof membrane consists of one or more plies/sheet materials in which at least one ply is a modified bitumen (MB) sheet, and which is installed with one or more of the following methods: hot asphalt, heat welding (open flame torching or heated air), cold adhesive, or self-adhesive. The roof membrane may consist of one or more plies of the following:1.1.1 SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene), APP (attactic polypropylene), or other polymer, modified bitumen sheet materials.1.1.2 An exposed modified bitumen sheet material, that is, a modified cap sheet, covering multiple layers of built-up roofing (BUR) plies.1.1.3 Any adhesive or bitumen component used to install the roof membrane.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Susceptibility to delamination is one of the major design concerns for many advanced laminated composite structures. Knowledge of a laminated composite material’s resistance to interlaminar fracture is useful for product development and material selection. Furthermore, a measurement of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness that is independent of specimen geometry or method of force introduction is useful for establishing design allowables used in damage tolerance analyses of composite structures. Knowledge of both the non-precracked and precracked toughnesses allows the appropriate value to be used for the application of interest.5.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effect of fiber surface treatment, local variations in fiber volume fraction, and processing and environmental variables on GIIc of a particular composite material;5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of GIIc for composite materials with different constituents;5.2.3 To compare quantitatively the values of GIIc obtained from different batches of a specific composite material, for example, to use as a material screening criterion or to develop a design allowable; and5.2.4 To develop delamination failure criteria for composite damage tolerance and durability analyses.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, GIIc, of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates under mode II shear loading using the end-notched flexure (ENF) test (Fig. 1).FIG. 1 ENF Test Fixture and Specimen Nomenclature1.2 This method is limited to use with composites consisting of unidirectional carbon-fiber- and glass-fiber-reinforced laminates. This limited scope reflects the experience gained in round robin testing. This test method may prove useful for other types and classes of composite materials; however, certain interferences have been noted (see Section 6).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Specification D1655 provides a maximum permissible concentration (5.7 mg/L) of MDA in aviation turbine fuel. This test method will allow the quantification of MDA in aviation turbine fuels. The MDA additive is used for fuel thermal stability control and to reduce fuel degradation caused by the presence of trace metals (copper in particular) in aviation fuels.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the metal deactivator additive (MDA) content of aviation turbine fuels. The specific MDA determined and used to develop this test method is N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine. Other MDAs have not been tested by this test method.1.1.1 This test method specifically covers the determination of uncomplexed MDA content in aviation turbine fuel. MDA is a chelator of divalent metal ions, and the MDA-metal ion complexed species content of aviation turbine fuel will not be accounted for by this test method.1.2 This test method is divided into two procedures: (1) Procedure A uses a semi-portable capillary-liquid chromatography system (Capillary-HPLC) that may be used in the field or laboratory; (2) Procedure B uses a standard laboratory version of liquid chromatography (Conventional-HPLC). Procedures A and B have separate precisions.1.3 The test method has an interim repeatability determined in accordance with Practice D6300. Based on the mean values of the samples used in the interim repeatability study, Procedure A is applicable in the range of 0.50 mg/mL to 10.0 mg/mL; the range for Procedure B is 0.60 mg/mL to 9.6 mg/mL. Higher concentrations can be determined by dilution, but the precision of the test method has not been determined.1.3.1 An extended interlaboratory study (ILS) will be conducted in the future to determine the full repeatability and reproducibility and the final applicable concentration ranges.1.3.2 The test method applies to MDA in petroleum-based aviation fuels and Synthetic Aviation Fuels (SAF). However, for the interim precision, a petroleum-based aviation fuel was used. Future ILS will include petroleum-based and SAFs. The test method is applicable to aviation fuels conforming to Specification D1655.1.4 Appendix X2 indicates other additives that have been verified to not interfere with the analysis of this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).45.2 Where restricting air movement between interior zones of a building is desired to separate dissimilar interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants, the detection practices presented are useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building.5.3 Where practices require controlled flow direction, forced pressurization or depressurization shall be used.NOTE 2: Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope construction may make observations difficult.5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations.5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces are covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided there are no obscuring thermal effects from construction features or incident solar radiation. The details of a specific air leakage site are then probed more closely by focusing on the local area. Local leak detection is well addressed with the smoke tracer, theatrical fog, anemometer, sound detection, the bubble detection, and the tracer gas techniques, however these techniques are time consuming for large surfaces. The pressurized or depressurized test chamber and smoke tracer or a depressurized test chamber and leak detection liquid practices are used in situations where depressurizing or pressurizing the entire envelope is impractical, such as is the case during construction. Both of the practices enable the detection of very small leaks. To perform these practices requires that the air barrier system is accessible.5.6 Complexity of building air leakage sites diminishes the ability for detection. For example, using the sound detection approach, sound is absorbed in the tortuous path through the insulation. Air moving through such building leakage paths loses some of its temperature differential and thus make thermographic detection difficult. The absence of jet-like air flow at an air leakage site makes detection using the anemometer practice difficult.5.7 Stack effect in multistory commercial buildings can cause gravity dampers to stand open. Computer-controlled dampers shall be placed in normal and night modes to aid in determining the conditions existing in the building. Sensitive pressure measurement equipment is used for evaluating pressure levels between floors and the exterior.1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems.1.2 Individual practices provide advantages for specific applications.1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques.1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative leakage rates.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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